TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL 1 A. INTRODUCTION 1 B. GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 1. Statement for Management 3 2. Resources Management Plan 3 3. Visitor Use Plan 5 4. General Development Plan 5 5. Subsidiary Plans 5 C. VISITOR USE AND GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS 6 1. Visitor Use Plan 6 a. Capacity 6 b. Summer Use 8 c. Winter Use 8 d. Access and Circulation 10 e. Lake Use 10 f. Overnight Use 11 g. Backcountry Use 12 h. Support Facilities 13 i. Information and Orientation 13 j . Interpretation 13 2. General Development Plan 17 a. Redevelopment of the Rim Village 19 b. Campgrounds 23 c. Munson Valley 24 d. Road System 27 e. Boat Tours 27 f. North Entrance 28 g. Interpretation/Information Facilities 30 h. Resource Protection 31 D. HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION 31 E. INTERRELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PLANS AND PROPOSALS 32 i Page II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 39 A. SETTING 39 B. GEOLOGY 41 1. Geologic History 41 2. Mineral Resources 46 3. Geothermal Energy 47 4. Geologic Hazards 47 C. SOILS 48 D. CLIMATE 52 E. LIMNOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY 56 F. BIOTIC RESOURCES 60 1. Vegetation 60 a. Plant Communities 60 b. Fragile Environments 66 c. Insects and Disease 69 d. Fire History 69 e. Timber Resources 72 f. Grazing 72 2. Animals 73 a. Mammals 73 b. Birds 78 c. Reptiles and Amphibians 79 d. Fish 80 3. Rare, Endangered, or Threatened Species 81 G. CULTURAL RESOURCES 83 1. Historic 83 2. Archeological 86 H. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT 86 1. Visitor Use Facilities 86 a. Roads 86 b. Trails 88 c. Picnic Areas 89 d. Campgrounds 89 e. Boat Tours 89 f. Rim Village 91 g. Munson Valley 93 h. Other Facilities 93 ii Page DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (cont'd) H. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT (cont'd) 2. Management Facilities 94 a. Munson Valley 94 b. Other Facilities 95 3. Utilities 96 a. Water 96 b. Sewage Treatment 97 c. Solid Waste 98 d. Power 98 e. Telephone 98 f. Radio 99 I. EXISTING VISITOR USE 99 1. Visitor Characteristics 99 2. Automobile Sightseeing 101 3. Interpretive Programs and Facilities 102 a. Conducted Trips 102 b. Interpretive Programs 102 c. Attended Stations 102 d. Self-Guided Tours 103 4. Lake Use 104 a. Boat Tours 104 b. Fishing 104 5. Overnight Use 104 a. Lodging/Food Services 104 b. Camping 105 6. Backcountry Use 105 7. Winter Use 107 J. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS 108 1. Access 108 2. Regional Recreational Opportunities 109 3. Regional Population and Economic Structure Ill K. PROBABLE FUTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROPOSAL . . 120 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 122 A. IMPACT ON NATURAL RESOURCES . 122 1. Earth Resources 122 2. Biotic Resources 125 3. Environmental Quality 128 a. Water Quality 129 b. Visitor Experience 130 iii Page III. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED ACTION (cont'd) B. IMPACT ON CULTURAL RESOURCES 131 C. IMPACT ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS . 132 1. Visitor Use 132 2. Park Management 133 3. Social Setting 134 4. Economic Setting 134 IV. MITIGATING MEASURES INCLUDED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION 136 A. ACTIONS TO MINIMIZE IMPACTS ON NATURAL RESOURCES 136 B. ACTIONS TO MINIMIZE IMPACTS ON CULTURAL RESOURCES 137 C. ACTIONS TO MINIMIZE IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC SECTOR . . 138 V. ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED 139 VI. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL, SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY 141 VII. ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED 142 VIII. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION 143 A. NO ACTION 145 1. Alternative 145 2. Impacts on Natural Resources 146 3. Impacts on the Socioeconomic Environment 147 4. Impacts on Cultural Resources 149 B. REDUCED LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT 150 1. Alternative 150 2. Impacts on Natural Resources 150 3. Impacts on the Socioeconomic Environment 151 4. Impacts on Cultural Resources 153 IV Page VIII. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION (cont'd) C. INCREASED LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT 154 1. Alternative 154 2. Impacts on Natural Resources 157 3. Impacts on the Socioeconomic Environment 160 4. Impacts on Cultural Resources 166 D. RESTRUCTURING PRESENT SERVICES AND FACILITIES 168 1. Alternative 168 2. Impacts on Natural Resources 170 3. Impacts on the Socioeconomic Environment 171 4. Impacts on Cultural Resources 177 IX. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION WITH OTHERS 178 A. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROPOSAL AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 178 1. Consultation With the Public 178 2. Consultation With Other Agencies 179 B. COORDINATION IN THE REVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 181 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 APPENDIX A Legislation 187 APPENDIX B Checklists of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles 189 APPENDIX C Archeological Report ABSTRACT 200 APPENDIX D Historic Preservation Compliance 202 APPENDIX E Memo: Estimate of Operational and Other Costs/New Administrative Site - Crater Lake National Park .... 206 APPENDIX F Planning Team 213 v Page LIST OF FIGURES 1. VICINITY 2 2. TOPOGRAPHY 4 3. VISITOR USE CONCEPTS - SUMMER 7 4. VISITOR USE CONCEPTS - WINTER 9 5. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 18 6. RIM VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 21 7. MAZAMA/ANNIE SPRINGS DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 23 8. MUNSON VALLEY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 26 9. CLEETWOOD COVE TRAILHEAD DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 28 10. NORTH ENTRANCE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 29 11. GEOLOGY 42 12. GEOLOGIC FEATURES 44 13. VEGETATION 62 14. FIRE LOCATION 71 15. ACCESS/CIRCULATION 87 16. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT 90 17. RIM VILLAGE - EXISTING CONDITIONS 92 18. REGIONAL RECREATION 110 19. PANHANDLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT (Alternative) 157 LIST OF TABLES 1. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM and PHASING/CONSTRUCTION COSTS 35 la. SUMMARY OF MAJOR PROPOSALS 36 2. ESTIMATED SOIL PROPERTIES 49 3. SOIL SUITABILITY CHART 50 4. COMPARATIVE CLIMATIC DATA 53 5. ANNUAL VISITATION - 1927-1975 100 6. TRI-COUNTY COMMUNITIES 113 7. LAND USE - CRATER LAKE REGION 113 8. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 114 9. ECONOMIC BASE 116 10. EMPLOYMENT BY MAIN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 118 11. COMPARISON OF PROPOSAL AND ALTERNATIVES 144 vi